India has the dubious distinction in accounting for almost half of all oral cancer cases in the world. Ironically, out of all cancers, Oral Squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most preventable cancers that occur in people where the patient simply has to make a definite life style choice (to use or not to use tobacco) to reduce the risk of its occurrence. General Dentist can play an important role in prevention and in early recognition of signs and prompt referral of patients. This review will focus particularly on early identification of Leukoplakia in dental practice and is an update about the influence of internal and external environmental factors associated with pre cancer stage, recognizing the clinical spectrum of Leukoplakia for identifying individuals at greater risk and provide suggestions for instituting a realistic plan for clinical follow up and performing opportunistic screening.
KEYWORDS: Oral Potentially malignant disorders, Leukoplakia, Pre-Cancer screening, opportunistic screening.
- Global Adult Tobacco Survey 2 India 2016-17 Report. https://mohfw.gov.in/newshighlights/global-adult-tobacco-survey-2-gats-2-india2016-17-report
- Pearce A, Sharp L, Hanly P, Barchuk A, Bray F, de Camargo Cancela M, Gupta P, Meheus F, Qiao YL, Sitas F, Wang SM, Soerjomataram I. Productivity losses due to premature mortality from cancer in Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS): A population-based comparison. Cancer Epidemiol. 2018 Apr;53:27-34
- Natarajan E, Eisenberg E. Contemporary concepts in the diagnosis of oral cancer and precancer.Dent Clin North Am. 2011 Jan;55(1):63-88.
- Slaughter DP, Southwick HW, Smejkal W. Field cancerization in oral stratified squamous epithelium; clinical implications of multicentric origin. cancer 1953 sep; 6(5):963-8
- Warnakulasuriya S, Johnson NW, van der Waal I. Nomenclature and classification of potentially malignant disorders of the oral mucosa. J Oral Pathol Med. 2007;36:575-80.
- Chaturvedi P, Singh A, Chien CY, Warnakulasuriya S. Tobacco related oral cancer. BMJ. 2019 Jun 5;365:l2142.
- Cotran. R.S. Kumar.V , Collins.T and Robbins. S.L. Pathologic basis of disease. Neoplasia. 6th Edition. Phyladelphia Saunders, 276-95.
- Yadav R, Garg R, Manoharan N, Swasticharan L, Julka P, Rath G Evaluation of Delhi Population Based Cancer Registry and Trends of Tobacco Related Cancer Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2016;17(6):2841-6.
- Javed F, Chotai M, Mehmood A, Almas K. Oral mucosal disorders associated with habitual gutka usage: a review. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2010 Jun;109(6):857-64.
- IARC Monograph 2018 on Betel quid and Areca nut.https://monographs.iarc.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/mono100E-10.pdf
- Morse DE, Katz RV, Pendrys DG, Holford TR, Krutchkoff DJ, Eisenberg E, Kosis D, Mayne ST. Smoking and drinking in relation to oral epithelial dysplasia. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1996 Oct;5(10):769-77.
- IARC Monograph 2018 on Consumption of Alcoholic beverages. https://monographs.iarc.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/mono100E-11.pdf
- De Martel C, Plummer M, Vignat J, Franceschi S. Worldwide burden of cancer attributable to HPV by site, country and HPV type. Int J Cancer. 2017 Aug 15;141(4):664-70.
- Ranganathan K, Rooban T, Rao UM. Oral squamous cell carcinoma in patients with and without predisposing habits in glossal and extra-glossal site: An institutional experience in South India. Indian J Cancer. 2015 Oct-Dec;52(4):625-27.
- Müller S. Update from the 4th Edition of the World Health Organization of Head and Neck Tumours: Tumours of the Oral Cavity and Mobile Tongue. Head Neck Pathol. 2017 Mar;11(1):33-40.
- Ali J, Sabiha B, Jan HU, Haider SA, Khan AA, Ali SS. Genetic etiology of oral cancer. Oral Oncol. 2017 Jul;70:23-28.
- Zhou HY, Shu HY, Dai J, Li HC, Tang L, Wang HW, Ni B. Maternal genetic backgrounds contribute to the genetic susceptibility of tongue cancer patients in Hunan, central of China. Mitochondrial DNA A DNA Mapp Seq Anal. 2018 Apr;29(3):347-52.
- Lazos JP, Piemonte ED, Lanfranchi HE, Brunotto MN. Characterization of Chronic Mechanical Irritation in Oral Cancer. Int J Dent. 2017;2017:6784526.
- Guidelines for management of Oral potentially malignant disorders. Oral Cancer Prevention and Control Unit,. National Cancer Control Programme,. Ministry of Health, Nutrition and Indigenous Medicine. ISBN 978-955-0505-40-1 https://www.nccp.health.gov.lk
- Wenig BM. Squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract: Dysplasia and select variants. Mod Pathol. 2017 Jan;30(s1):S112-S118.
- Lim K, Moles DR, Downer MC, Speight PM. Opportunistic screening for oral cancer and precancer in general dental practice: results of a demonstration study. Br Dent J. 2003 May 10;194(9):497-502
- Saleh A, Kong YH, Haron N, Aripin SF, Vadiveloo M, Hussaini H, Zain RB, Cheong SC. Oral cancer screening in private dental practices in a developing country: opportunities and challenges. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2017 Apr;45(2):112-19
- Opportunistic oral cancer screening. BDA. Issue number 6, April 2000 https://oralcancerfoundation.org › uploads › 2017/01 › screening-17
- Thavarajah R , Ranganathan K Trends in oral squamous cell carcinoma: Diagnosis for effective, evidence-based treatment 2017. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. 2017 May-Aug;21(2):189-91